Is “American Culture” a Contradiction in Terms?

Is â€Å"American Culture† a contradiction in terms? American Culture can often be thought of as a contradiction of terms because every piece of â€Å"American Culture† arises from a different source. It first must be noted that the founding of the United States was not based on spreading a certain country’s colonization (in most regards). The United States was founded because religious separatists, or purists, desired freedom to practice their religion freely. In an effort to do so, these â€Å"pilgrims† built the backbone of what many know as American Culture. The reason American Culture often seems a contradiction in terms is because culture can often be defined as a way of eating, dressing, or cultural values. In the United States there are very few original foods; ways of dressing that are not common among other parts of the world; and generally diverse religion, values, and viewpoints. It is also difficult to define because each piece of American Culture has roots in another culture (hamburgers are not American, but McDonald's popularized it). However, the core of American culture remains the â€Å"American Dream†. Americans seem to believe that the sky is the limit. Although these sentiments may be shifting because of increased comfort and lack of youth education, the idea that anyone can be anything runs deep from the values first instilled by the Pilgrims. The values only increased with the addition to the United States after the Louisiana Purchase and expansion to the west. On the other hand, upon founding the United States, the Americans killed or ostracized the Natives (â€Å"Indians†). Thereby they rid the country of nearly any influence from this group. Furthermore, American culture innovates and publicizes. American culture is often associated with new things. These â€Å"new† ideas are often the combination of different cultural values. Again we can return to McDonald's. The hamburger is not American, but fast food is purely a result of faster and faster paced American life. The combination of these two aspects created a worldwide phenomenon characterizing Americans as moving too fast to enjoy life and eating more than necessary. With such a large land area, no single culture can characterize the United States. Consequently, as often seen in American politics, the South is usually more conservative, the north and west being more liberal. The food, music, and concepts of time differ greatly across the expanse of the United States as well. The US is a worldwide example for capitalism and its results. Often things associated with capitalism, both positive (better standard of living) and negative (the lack of care for the poor) can characterize American Culture as unwilling to care for social causes. In conclusion, although American Culture does provide undoubtedly some contradictions, it is still no contradiction in terms because all the different cultural pieces that one can find in the US create American Culture itself.

A Review of Essay Topics about Literature

A Review of Essay Topics about Literature Top Essay Topics about Literature Secrets Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Fernand has married Mercedes and is currently called Count de Morcerf. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. School should happen in the evenings. Children should have to read more. Teens should have to take parenting classes. They should be able to choose their bedtime. The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. Perhaps a number of the very best college research topics nowadays are IT research paper topics. Also SITE and INSAT programmes have contributed a good deal in the area of education. In a nutshell, conducting an extensive review of the literature can spare you time and money when helping increase your research benefits. Gun ownership ought to be tightly controlled. Finding the most suitable arguments can help you prove your point and win. When it would probably not be possible to really determine what proportion of everything'' demographics would be in a position to analyze and explain, it's possible to figure out how significant it is. When selecting a topic it should be in the correct subject field. The important thing is to locate a question that's not too wide. After choosing a wide topic, you've got to do some preliminary research. Definitions of Essay Topics about Literature Literature is a critical portion of a youngster's education and it should find more focus in the classroom. Literature essay topics allow you to narrow back on a sure idea or detail, it's important to pick the essay topics you're interested in. Research papers are trying, but in addition they have the capacity to be somewhat rewarding. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Thus, to compose a great essay you must brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Reader foreknowledge is crucial. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You may have a paper that's directly pertinent to your research question but if the standard of the paper is poor it may not assist you as much as you believe. The writer that you personally select from our pool of writing candidates can give a literature essay sample that will enable you to have a look below the hood and see that which we're made from. If you still feel you need help, even if you've managed to pick a topic, you may always seek the services of a custom writing service to assist you produce a fabulous research paper of which you'll be proud and will guarantee you a nice mark. Every spot on earth has a story. You will be hard-pressed to discover many books which don't deal with death in some manner or another. Some men and women live their lives depending on their religion while some don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. Somebody gets essential wisdom and experience there. Now you have a great idea of the way to hunt for college research paper topics, you are prepared for some suggestions. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. In the procedure for writing research articles, it's required to adhere to a specific topic. The review topics selected will generally be the field of research and study for many months or longer.

Campaign Advertising Essay - 632 Words

Campaign Advertising Though clearly constant in the effort to win the electorates vote for each candidate, campaign advertising since the 1950s has become more intricate. In each decade since television advertising for a candidate has begun, the messages have been designed in one way or another to play on the emotions of the electorate. However, over time the way in which this is done has changed constantly, most clearly in the utilization of positive and negative ads. Moreover, the utilization of information and statistics in ads has changed dramatically, delivering the core message of a candidate in concise, hard hitting, and effective way. Though positive and negative ads have been†¦show more content†¦In addition to the types of advertisements, the content of modern campaign ads have changed over time. These ads blend truths or partial truths and emotional sentiments to elicit the desired response (a vote for the candidate being advertised). These ads have also been present since the 1950s but have intensified over time in the juxtaposition of visual and audio imagery, and the fact being stated. They have progressed from the Eisenhower Answers America Campaign where perhaps an incisive comment about how the Democrats before him raised taxes was elicited by the President, to President Lyndon Johnsons ad against Barry Goldwater that displayed a map of the United States where the eastern seaboard was being cut-off by a saw. This imagery, both audio and visual, was accompanied by a narrators quoting of Goldwater saying he wished the eastern seaboard could be sawed off and let drift into the ocean. The height o f this type of advertising was seen in the 1988 campaign between then Vice-President George H. Bush and Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bushs campaign ad displayingShow MoreRelatedAdvertising Campaign Is Not An Easy Task2581 Words   |  11 PagesFirms spend large amounts on advertising, estimated to reach $600b in 2015 , this spending represents sunk costs . Increases in spending will not necessarily prove successful; moreover an effective campaign will engage consumers and provide positive brand attitudes. For this reason this area of research is important and should be noted. Increasing the effectiveness of one’s advertising campaign is not an easy task; there are many issues that have to be acknowledged and, more importantly, understoodRead MorePlanning an Advertising Campaign671 Words   |  3 PagesThe Flamingo Grill is an upscale restaurant located in St. Petersburg, Florida. To help plan an advertising campaign for the coming season, Flamingos management tea m hired the advertising firm of Haskell Johnson (HJ). The management team requested HJs recommendation concerning how the advertising budget should be distributed across television, radio, and newspaper advertisements. The budget has been set at $279,000. In a meeting with Flamingos management team, HJ consultants provided theRead MoreMaking an Advertising Campaign3402 Words   |  14 PagesA Project Report on Making an Ad Campaign and Beyond... Submitted To: Prof. Neela Rao Submitted By: The 6th Element - Shamli R Bhojwani (20737) - Monica S Jedhe (20746) - Rashika N Chanchlani (20739) - Sameeksha S Makhijani (20748) - Pooja M Wadhwani (20763) Remarks: Dated: 16/09/09 TOPICS 1) Introduction - 5 M’s of Advertisement - Hierarchy of Effects Model Read MoreAdvertising Campaign Example5278 Words   |  22 PagesThe customer-oriented, owner-operated handbag business, It ¡Ã‚ ¦s In The Bag, is looking for a way to reach the female population of Scioto County, and its surrounding area. 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ItRead MoreEssay on Analysis of an Advertising Campaign2012 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of an Advertising Campaign We are swarmed by advertising. Companies constantly battle to compete for the sale of their product. Adverts appear in every form of media including radio; television; Internet; billboards; newspaper; flyers and magazines. The advertiser wants us to buy their product above their competitors. The basic aim of advertising is to convince the target audience that their product is the best in the field and superior to the other productsRead MoreEssay on Pepsi’s 2003 Advertising Campaign1085 Words   |  5 PagesPepsi’s 2003 Advertising Campaign Nowadays PepsiCo Inc. is among the most successful consumer product companies in the world. It divides into two major domestic and international businesses, beverages and snack foods. In order to attract the broadest number of customers, advertising plays a significant role. In this essay, the advertising campaign of Pepsi in 2003, which was unveiled not only on TV, but outdoor advertising as well, will be analyzed. The aim for

Key Components Of A Computer Essay - 1045 Words

A computer is a system of parts that work and interconnect with each other. When it comes to the number of items that make up a computer it comes down to one number, Seven. There are seven key components that a computer is made of. Starting with what holds all the parts, part number one is the case. Your computer would be just a pile of parts and wires without it. The second important component is the power supply. The power supply is what brings your computer and its components to life. The next component is the hard drive. The hard drive is used to store data. Now to the heart and the brain of a computer. The motherboard is the center of the computer. The motherboard allows all the other computer parts to communicate with each other. Following the motherboard is the CPU (Central Processing Unit), the CPU is what tells all the other components where the data should go. Following the CPU and Motherboard is the RAM. Random Access Memory (RAM) is used by applications to start. This is faster than the getting the info from the hard drive. The last component needed is a disc drive. This is needed to download software and or an operating system onto your computer, as well as reading CD’s, DVD’s and eve n blue ray disks. All seven items are needed in order for a computer to work and function. Computer Hardware Every computer is made up of a group of parts that all work and communicate together. This series of parts is what you can physically see and hold. Simply put, aShow MoreRelatedThe Key Component Of Computer Systems1371 Words   |  6 Pages Memory has been the key component of computer systems right from the beginning. The convergence of consumer, communication, and data processing applications combined with the rapid growth of cloud computing services have led to an explosive growth in memory requirement (Baldi et al., 2014; Abaker et al., 2015). At present, DRAM and NAND flash memories together make up 89% of the memory market (Baldi et al., 2014). 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Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Toefl - a Brief Overview

Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Toefl - a Brief Overview What You Don't Know About Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Toefl Merely mentioning the similarities and differences isn't enough if one can't analyze the principal ideas. You cannot do both, since it's going to be too confusing for your readers. When you have read our helpful on-line article, we'd like to provide something you couldn't even imagine. You may discuss a feeling of taste and the book of your favourite author. The above mentioned compare and contrast essay topics are only a few of many topics it is possible to decide to talk about in your essay. Again, compare and contrast essays can cover just about any topic and can pop up in a number of subject areas. Before you begin, it's imperative to choose topics which you really know well. It might be necessary to liaise with other people to recognize the good compare and contrast essay topics. If necessary, you could always turn to professionals to supply you with a nudge or assist you with your topics or sources. You see that it's an unusual topic which may be quite tough to imagine or explain, but some students might just turn that topic into a masterpiece. Students can pick from thousands of compare and contrast essay topics but the important aspect to be considered is the principal use of the essay. It may be the simple fact that the compare and contrast essay template is written by somebody with very bad understanding of the subject and thus the essay is well worth using or, as stated earlier, it may be that the compare and contrast essays examples are written by non-native English speakers, and thus full of mistakes. You must research the selected topic and discover facts to contradict your primary thesis. This moment, you must find out more about the topic to see the facts that contradict your thesis. You must research your topic to select three claims. What You Should Do to Find Out About Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Toefl Before You're Left Behind To ensure that you relate all the info you've researched in a thorough fashion, you must stick to the prescribed compare and contrast essay format by your professor or the academe. The word compare' is a little bit of a misnomer when used concerning a comparative essay analysis. You are able to submit your essay by re gistering for evaluation. The reply to the disturbing question like how to compose a compare and contrast essay starts with the structure of this sort of academic writing. The body paragraphs within this kind of essay can take any form, so students are free to choose a body paragraph structure that is most suitable for them. When the writer has the information that will enter the essay, they should just begin writing! Additional an essay writer must also have the ability to give valid references on the arguments which he would want to include in the paragraph. Use particular reasons to come up with your essay. So How About Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Toefl? Additionally, these essays permit students develop critical thinking skills to approach a selection of topics. Students will locate some decent points and ideas essential for the evolution of a great school or college comparative essay. They may be asked to write essays in almost every area of study. They can typically understand the structure with just a short amount of instruction. When you opt to attend college, you must choose whether you intend to visit a private school, or whether you wish to attend a public one. Public colleges are also more likely to provide a wide array of academic programs. Students write much better papers when they have some fantastic examples in front of those. Some people think that university students should be asked to attend classes. The very first thing you ought to do is identify the kind of compare and contrast essay which you're handling. Both cities share a very costly price tag of livingboth in regard to housing and shopping. Our life is about comparing, so when we, for instance, face a selection of purchasing apples or pears, our decision will likely be influenced by numerous factors. You're given the freedom to not just pick compare and contrast topics all on your own, but you need the freedom to select the side of your support together with how to contrast it. The Meaning of Compare and Contrast Essay Samples T oefl As a way to continue to keep your essay informative and engaging, you will want to source for factual information which not only impresses the reader but also teaches them something they might not have already known. In a number of sections of text's most important body you are supposed to demonstrate different contrast or compare points. You might want to try two or three distinct formats for your topic as a way to choose which best suits your subject. Besides, for every kind of writing, you can come across various examples in our database.

Dover Beach Essay Research Paper How can free essay sample

Dover Beach Essay, Research Paper How can life or anything be so fantastic, but at times seem so intolerable? This is a inquiry that Matthew Arnold may hold asked himself one twenty-four hours, while composing Dover Beach . This is a verse form about a sea and a beach that is genuinely beautiful, but hold much deeper significance than what meets the oculus. The verse form is written in free poetry with no peculiar metre or rime strategy, although some of the words do rime. Arnold is the talker speech production to person he loves. As the verse form progresses, the reader sees why Arnold poses the inquiry stated above, and why life seems to be the manner it is. During the first portion of the verse form Arnold provinces, The Sea is unagitated tonight and in line 7, Merely, from the long line of spray . In this manner, Arnold is puting the temper or scene so the reader can understand the point he is seeking to portray. We will write a custom essay sample on Dover Beach Essay Research Paper How can or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In lines 1-6 he is speaking about a really peaceable dark on the of all time so unagitated sea, with the moonshine reflecting so intensely on the land. Then he states how the moonshine glows and is gone because the drops of England are standing at their highest extremums, which are barricading the visible radiation of the Moon. Next, the moving ridges come boom into the image, as they pull back and fling the pebbles onto the shore and back out to sea once more. Arnold besides references that the shore brings the ageless note of unhappiness in , possibly stand foring the rhythms of life and repeat. Arnold so starts depicting the history of Sophocle # 8217 ; s thought of the Aegean # 8217 ; s turbid wane and flow . The sea is get downing to go rougher and all agitated. Besides the reference of human wretchedness implies that life begins and ends, but it can still be full of felicity, and unluckily, at the same clip, unhappiness. The Sea of Faith was one time, excessively, at the full, and round Earth # 8217 ; s shore. The key word in that stan za is one time, because it implies that he ( Arnold ) used to look at the sea in a different manner than he does now. Throughout the whole verse form, Arnold uses a metaphor to depict his positions and sentiments. Now he merely hears its melancholy, long, retreating boom. It seems as though Arnold is oppugning his ain religion. The whole verse form is based on a metaphor # 8211 ; Sea to Faith. When the sea retreats, so does faith, and leaves us with nil. In the last nine lines, Arnold wants his love and himself to be true to one another. The land, which he thought was so beautiful and new, is really nil neither joy, nor love, nor light . In world, Arnold is showing that nil is certain, because where there is light there is dark and where there is happiness there is unhappiness. We are here though every bit on a darkling field, swept with baffled dismaies of battle and flight, where nescient ground forcess clang at dark . Arnold uses much initial rhyme in the verse form. For illustration, in line 31, To lie before us like a land of dreams , reiterating the missive L at the beginning of three words. Besides, in line 4, Gleams and is gone? , reiterating the missive G. The use of vowel rhyme and consonant rhyme is non widespread in Dover Beach . In line 3 # 8211 ; ? on the Gallic seashore the visible radiation # 8211 ; the repeat of the missive T is shown, as an illustration of consonant rhyme. Other literary techniques, such as onomatopoeia and exaggeration, are non used in the verse form, besides the metaphor for Faith being the Sea. The enunciation Arnold uses creates a sense of peaceableness and composure. It is reasonably easy understood vocabulary, with the exclusion of a few words, such as meter and darkling. From reading Matthew Arnold # 8217 ; s Dover Beach , one realizes that there is no certainty in life. When everything is traveling absolutely, something unfortunate may go on at any given clip, with no premonition.

Understanding The Impact Of Informational Package Elements free essay sample

Packaging seems to be one of the most important factors in purchase decisions made at the point of sale (Prendergast and Pitt, 1996), where it becomes an essential part of the selling process (Rettie and Brewer, 2000). Munyadzi (2013) reveals the function of packaging has transformed over the years as it was solely used as a means of protecting the product and making sure that the product could be consumed without being altered as it is transported form one point to the other. The dynamic nature of the marketing environment has propelled packaging to have other functions that also act as powerful marketing tools (Mitchell 2003). Meanwhile, Kotler (2012) expressed packaging has been transformed to become one of the most important and powerful tools for promoting products, eye-catching the attention of prospective consumers and communicating the value of the brand to the target market. According to Stewart (2003), food product development and innovation continues to be seen as a fundamental strategy for competitive success and survival within a competitive global market. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding The Impact Of Informational Package Elements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nowadays, many food retailers are facing a somewhat challenging scenario where the cost of marketing is also rising and it is becoming more difficult to maintain sales for brands that are not the first choice household name (Peters, 2004). In addition, consumers are becoming more demanding in terms of quality and choice and are constantly seeking a product tailored to their every want and need (Mitchell, 2003). Products are developed to, and indeed are expected by consumers to taste good; therefore, it is not surprising that consumers will increasingly make their initial choices based on aesthetic value (Dumaine, 1991). Thus, the question commonly faced by many food retailers is how to distinguish or differentiate their product from competing products. During the 1980s, UK food retailers began to enhance the pack design of their products, discovering that improvements in packaging design and product quality enabled them to compete directly with food manufacturers (Southgate, 1994). 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Packaging could be treated as one of most valuable tool in today’s marketing communications, necessitating more detail analysis of its elements an impact of those elements on consumer buying behavior. Analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumer’s choice can reveal the impact of package its elements on consumer’s purchase decision. For this purpose main package’s elements could be identified into food label information (Ingredient, instruction, weight, expiry date, halal mark), brand element (brand name, slogan, logo, symbol) and nutrition information (protein, energy, vitamin, sugar, fat). The impact of package its elements on consumer’s purchase decision can be revealed by analyzing an importance of its separate elements for consumer’s choice. The aim of this study if to determine the impact of informational package elements toward consumer purchasing behavior for carbonated drinks product. So, the question is to what extent does, brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information influence consumer buying decision among residents in Melaka Tengah towards carbonated drinks product. 1. 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the specific objectives above, this study seeks to find the answers for the following research questions. 1. Is there any significant relationship between the brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information on the consumer buying decision? 2. What are the most effective packaging elements that can influences consumer to buy the product promoted? 1. 4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES General Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the effect of packaging elements on consumer purchasing decision towards carbonated drinks. Specific Objectives 1. To measure the level of influential of packaging elements of carbonated drinks and its specific dimensions among Melaka Tengah Community. 2. To determine the relationship between independent variables (brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information) and its specific elements toward consumer purchasing decisions among Melaka Tengah Community. 3. To indicates the most influential element that effect purchasing behavior of customer. 1. 5 HYPOTHESIS a) Brand Elements, H1 H1: Brand elements has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions b) Nutritional Elements, H2 H2: Nutritional elements has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions c) Food Level Information, H3 H3: Food level information has a significant impact on consumer’ purchase decisions 1. 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The findings of this research will help the company to determine what the important key factor that influence consumer buying decision on carbonated drinks whether it is brand elements, nutritional elements, and food level information. Other than that, it is also help the management to make corrective action to increase the level of consumer buying decision and at the same time to improve the company’s performance in order to help them to be more competent in future. The result from the research will also help to enhance the body of knowledge which is to reinforce the existing and also develop new theory. The study also will help to get better understanding of the variables which have been used in this research 1. 7 LIMITATION OF STUDY The findings of this study have to be interpreted considering few limitations. Firstly, limitations include the time constraint. Due to other responsibility, the time given is limited to complete the research with prescribed time. To get a suitable topic that is related to the research, an enough time is needed in order to complete the research. A lot of time is required to know and fully understand about the problem as stated in many journal articles. To construct the questionnaires its required a quite long time to complete it because it needs to make an observation and by interview some people in that organization or company to get the accurate data about this research proposal. And also to ensure the words and meaning were made clear to every respondent, there is always a possibility that individual respondent might interpret the meanings of the questions differently from others. The last limitation is the cost constraint. As a researcher, we have limited sources of budget due to Internet fees, transportation and others. We need amount of money to get accurate information. This also causes by over budget, by doing a research they didn’t manage their sources or budget very well and its limits the research to conduct a survey in a large level. Since this research need us to make observation, interview and spreading out the questionnaire to the respondent, some cost might incur to conduct overall process. 2. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES BRAND ELEMENTS Brand element according to Keller (2008) can be brought as many dimensions that differentiate them from other product designed to satisfy one need; these differences may be rational or tangible, or symbolic, emotional and intangible. Furthermore, whilst most brand practitioners argue that the package design is an important component of the brand strategy (Dadzie and Mensah, 2011), literature on packaging information (Silayoi and Speece, 2004; Estiri et. al 2010) tends to view the brand elements as a key ingredient of the product informational package elements. The proponents of branding position that in the consumers’ mind, a well known brand can be dependent upon and consumers tend to perceive the quality of the products based on the brand strategy (Aaker, 1991). One of the brand elements is brand name where substitutions have become a frequent phenomenon, and companies confronted with rebranding are often mentioned in the business press (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2009). Brand name substitution consists of changing the name of a product or service which is marketed by a company (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2006; Muzellec and Lambkin, 2007). Next is a slogan, according to Rogers (2008) the acceptance of the concept of purchasing infused drinks from any outlet by the young consumers’ signals a form of social change or lifestyle. The slogan falls under brands element said that slogan can possess an idea worthy to consumer loyalty Martinez, 2004). Other part that contributes under brand element is name and logo gives contribute to a key component of brand identity, since they are the most pervasive elements in corporate and brand communications, and provide instant recognition of the brand (Schechter, 1993; Henderson and Cote, 1998). In this context, as a brand identity sign, a logo can refer to a variety of graphic or typeface elements, ranging from word-driven, i. e. including word marks or stylized letter marks, through to image-driven, i. e. including pictorial marks (Henderson and Cote, 1998; Wheeler, 2003). More recently, Walsh et al. (2010, 2011) examined consumer responses to logo shape redesigns (from angular to more rounded shapes). Theorists agree that well-designed logos should be recognizable, evoke positive affect and allow the transmission of a set of shared associations (Kohli, 2002). Lastly, a symbol under brand element shows that according to Smelser (1973) an object which is representation of a different entity. Moreover, Hostetler (1964) said that this elements can be defined as a symbol as a â€Å"visible object† that is representative of an idea. Symbols can also be representative of the worldview of a social or cultural group (White, 1949) and therefore be presented in art form; for example through architecture (Ikebude, 2009). NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION Nutrition elements are one of label that contain at carbonated drinks. According to Dougherty (2006). Most consumers would like to see nutrition information at places where they go out to eat; however, only limited research has explored how well this information is understood by consumers and which consumers may be most likely to use menu labels in making decisions about what to purchase. Nutrition labelling reduces consumers’ intentions to purchase items high in calories and fat, especially when there is a greater discrepancy between the perceived content and actual content. Loureiro et al (2006) found that consumers were willing to pay approximately 11% higher for a box of cookies with a nutritional label than one without such a label. One of the nutrition elements are energy. If products have no special labelling or have a number of complex methods of indicating the energy contents of that product, the actual energy contents can vary dramatically across a range of similar products (Fineli 2011). Understanding what the energy contents of a product might be is then dependent on a consumers skill and knowledge in interpreting this information (Drichoutis et al. 2006). Another elements of nutrition elements are vitamins. Women are more concerned about the low fat of the products as safety of the food. On the contrary, men are concerned about the necessary vitamins, freshness and label information whereas both are concerned about expiry date as most important aspect toward food safety. In the present context, information on negative nutrients, such as fat, may be more salient than information on positive nutrients, such as vitamins (Burton,1993). Motivation to search for information is greater when consumers are provided with highly arousing negative consequences and specific ways to minimise them (Moorman, 1990). Sugar also one of the elements in nutrition. According to Blisard (1994) These concern have also been fuelled by recent consumer group studies, which have stirred controversy about whether added sugar and starches compromise nutrition. A slightly smaller percentage,74 percent, indicated that they had heard about health problems associated with consuming excessive amounts of sugars. Protein also been classified as one of nutrition elements. Whey and soy proteins contributed different sensory properties to the beverages and bars. In blinded comparisons, consumers preferred bars and beverages with whey or mixtures of whey and soy protein to applications with soy protein alone. The consumer perception of these proteins when specifically labelled as such in bars and beverages was not addressed (Childs et al,2007). The last element in nutrition are fat content. According to Kim (2000) , consumers who used nutrition labels tend to consume less calories from fat and saturated fat ,and to eat a diet low in fat (Finke 2000). In addition, consumers evaluated food products displaying nutrition labels as more valuable than non-labelled products. (Loureiro, 2006). FOOD LABEL INFORMATION Food labels are the prime channel for information dissemination between food producers and retailers, and the consumers of food products (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO, WHO), 2001). Other that, they contain various information elements which can be classified into different categories: for example, mandatory (Her Majesty’s Government, 1996) and commercial (McIlveen and Semple, 2002). According to Doi (2007) Halal is a Quranic term that means permitted, allowed, lawful or legal. Its opposite is Haram (forbidden, unlawful or illegal). In Islam and according to Shariah (Islamic Law), all issues concerning Halal or Haram and even all disputes should be referred to Quran and Sunnah (prophetic tradition). Furthermore a trust mark (Halal logo) can be placed on the Halal products for Muslims to know that the product is Halal (Cheng, 2008). Research has shown although current Halal standards regulate food production, preparation, handling and storage to some degree, it does not ensure that the product is Halal at the point of consumption (Tieman, 2006). Harcar and Karakaya (2005) found that consumers were most likely to check expiration dates prior to purchasing a product if the expiration dates were easily found and that consumers ceased checking the dates if they had difficulty finding them. They speculated that the size, color, or font, as well as placement on product packages, could contribute to the consumer’s difficulty in locating the date. According to the 1990 Food Marketing Institute’s Trends Survey, 72% of people check product expiration dates and women are more inclined to check than men (Mueller,1991, as cited in Harcar Karakaya, 2005). Pepsi CO Inc. (1981) shows that soft drink manufacturers justi? ed adding caffeine to soft drinks on the basis that caffeine was a ? avor enhancer. If caffeine had not been accepted as a ? avor enhancer, but had been regarded as a psychoactive ingredient, soft drinks might have been regulated by the FDA as drugs. However, the FDA approved caffeine and limited the maximum caffeine content of cola-type soft drinks to 0. 02% caffeine, or 71 mg/12 ? uid oz (Food and Drug Administration, 2003). Previous studies have already investigated the heavier weight that negative, as compared with positive information, has on the impression formation process (Fiske, 1980; Mizerski, 1982). In order to minimize this potential negative effect of the product recall message on consumer behaviour, the company making a product recall should emphasize that it is taking action in a socially responsible manner (Mowen et al. , 1981). According to Mowen (1980), using an experimental approach, manipulated variables as consumer knowledge of the company making the product recall, whether or not the company was compelled to make the recall by a consumer product safety commission, and whether or not other manufacturers had had a similar defect. Products that are innovations â€Å"New-to-the-world products revolutionize existing product categories, or define wholly new ones† (Crawford et al. , 2003). Furthermore, these new products may include an innovative technology and require consumer instruction (Cooper, 2011). 2. 2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATIONAL PACKAGE ELEMENTS AND CONSUMER PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR Despite the availability of numerous researches on the impact of informational package elements on consumer purchase behaviour, there seems to be no agreement on how consumers will react to different socio-cultural set-ups. In this study, the following informational elements: brand elements, nutritional information and food labels are going to be broken down so that the sub variables will be examined to see how they influence the purchase behaviour of university students. The outlined informational elements are divided as follows: brand elements (brand name, slogans, Logos, symbols and flavour), nutritional information (energy, protein, fat, vitamins, fibre, calcium and sugar) and food label information (instruction of use, expiry date, weight/volume, ingredients and storage conditions). The ultimate findings would then be employed by marketing managers to develop best fitting strategies on how best they may manipulate consumer purchase behaviour through the use of informational package elements. The following model is drawn using basis upon which our hypo theses are crafted. 2. 3 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK H1 H2 H3 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a quantitative research study. This study is designed to use a descriptive correlation design to investigate the differences in means and frequency distribution of job satisfaction, the dependent variable and the selected independent variable and its dimensions. Firstly, the dependent and the independent variables are identified. Then, the measurement scales of the identified variables is sought and determined. Before the measurement scales is used, the validity and reliability of the scales will be assessed. Secondly, a representative sample is selected to represent the population of the study so that the results of the study could be generalized to the population at large. Next, the data were collected from the sample using the validated and reliable research instrument. After the data is collected, it will be analyzed using a combination of statistical analyses such as descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Among the descriptive statistics used will be frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and measures of variability. Correlation analysis is used to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Further clarification of data collection and data analysis procedures will be presented in the later part of this chapter. 3. 2 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION Questionnaires are used as a research instrument to collect data from the respondents identified for this study. The questionnaires consist on the effectiveness of main package’s label information (Ingredient, instruction, weight, expiry date, halal mark), brand element (brand name, slogan, logo, symbol) and nutrition information (protein, energy, vitamin, sugar, fat) towards the consumer buying decision. 3. 3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY Almost all scientific method of research obtain their information from the respondents who provide the information and they are called population. With this assumption, the populations of the respondents for this research consist of consumer who drinks carbonated drinks in Melaka Tengah . In this study, 80 respondents will be chosen from population consisting of 40 males and 40 females. 3. 4 SAMPLING The sample size is 80 respondents. The sampling frame is a physical representation of all the elements in the population from which the sample is drawn. In this research a randomly 80 respondents will be chosen at Dataran Pahlawan at Mynews. com retail outlet because it is one of the outlet that sells carbonated drinks that also have high visitors. The main reason to sample is to save time and money. 3. 5 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES This research used self administrated questionnaire for collecting data. Using self report paper pen, straight answer questionnaire techniques, consumer will be asked to rate their preference on a five point Likert scale on which they are to indicate whether items are â€Å"strongly disagree†, â€Å"disagree†, â€Å"neutral†, â€Å"agree† and â€Å"strongly agree† characteristics of themselves. Dichotomous scale that used elicits a Yes or No, Category scale that used multiple items to elicit a single response. In Multiple-Choices Questions, respondents will ask to select one or more of the alternative given. In the questionnaire, multiple-choices questions were asked in section 1 (Demographic Information). 3. 6 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 1) Descriptive statistic According to Leary (2001), descriptive statistics is a powerful tool to describe and understand the data so that they can be easily comprehended by others. The descriptive statistics employed in this study were as followed: (1) To measures of central tendency; (2) To measures of variability; and (3) frequency distribution. These statistics were used to extract and summarize quantitative information from the sample. Measures of central tendency helped to find a single index that could represent the whole set of measure. This study utilized the mean or average to describe the data in terms of average values. Mean was chosen because the variables investigated in this study such as the dependent variable (work motivation, organizational commitment and corporate culture) and the independent variable (job satisfaction) were all interval data. This study also employed the most commonly used measure of variability and standard deviation to find out the dispersion or variability of the data set. Since it is also an interval statistic as the mean, it could be used to describe the degree of dispersion of all the interval variables (dependent and the independent variables). Frequency distribution was used to extract important features of the quantitative data of the study. The original data collected were group and presented in a summarized form by constructing appropriate tables and charts. 2) Correlation statistic According to Ary, et al. (1996), correlation statistic is a statistical technique used to measure the strength of the association or co-variation that exists between two quantitative variables. The strength of the relationship between two variables is measured by the coefficient of correlation, r, whose values may range from -1 to +1. If the direction of the relationship between two variables is positive, it means that high scores of one variable are associated with high scores of another variable and vice versa. When there is a relationship, correlation coefficient can also determine the strength of the relationship whether the variables have a strong relationship or a weak relationship. The closeness of the correlation coefficient to one implies a strong relationship between the two variables. When the correlation coefficient is zero, there is no correlation between the two variables. In this study, Elifson, Runyon, and Haber (1998) rule of the thumb was used to interpret the strength of the relationship (Table 1). Table 1: Criteria for Interpreting Strength of Relationship between Two Variables r value Strength of Relationship 0. 01 – 0. 30 Weak; Almost negligible relationship 0. 31 – 0. 70 Moderate; substantial relationship 0. 71 – 0. 99 Strong; marked relationship 1. 00 Perfect relationship 0 No relationship Source: Elifson, Runyon Haber, 1998 This study used Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of correlation (Pearson r) developed by Karl Pearson as the correlation index. This index was chosen because this index can only be used when the scale of measurement for the variables is interval or ratio (Runyon, Haber, Pittenger, and Coleman 2000). Furthermore, Pearson Correlation Coefficient is also an appropriate measure of relationship between two variables when the quantitative variables are normally distributed. 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