What are the barriers and success factors for domestic micro

Introduction Domestic micro-generation is gaining popularity in the UK. It means electricity generation by users and household owners. Both the government and the private sector are focusing their resources for its implementation. It is believed that 15% of CO2 emissions will be reduced once micro-generation has been fully implemented by 2050.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on What are the barriers and success factors for domestic micro-generation in the UK to gain ground? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Micro-generation seems to be the hope of environmentalists to save the Earth. It will enhance the role of households in fighting climate change. It will create energy generators out of consumers. And it is a noble idea that will surely benefit people and environment. But there are barriers in its implementation. The question is how and what are the ways. Not that it is impossible or too difficult to implement. As in the usual project implementation, teamwork and collaboration are needed. This project needs the support of all the stakeholders considering that there are many steps and stages that have to be followed to make it successful. There can be various drivers of change for this attractive endeavour. Policy makers and businesses are actively pursuing it. The UK government has initiated moves to make micro-generation a primary undertaking. The Micro-generation Strategy was released in March 2006 with the aim of dealing with barriers and problems. A law was passed, the Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006, to support government initiatives on micro-generation. Another move was the creation of Energy Review, an information material to outline the aggressive activities of the UK government. (Watson et al., 2008, p. 1) The Energy Saving Trust of the UK said that micro-generation will answer 30-40% of the country’s electricity demand by the year 2050. This will benefit the environment because it will reduce 25% of CO2 emissions. (House of Commons, 2007, p. 39) When it comes to who is getting headway on micro-generation, the UK only has an estimated 100,000 micro-generation installations using solar thermal system, not yet at par with Japan’s 200,000 photovoltaic (PV) rooftop installations and the German government’s subsidized PV installations. (House of Commons, 2007, p. 39)Advertising Looking for proposal on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government is also considering tariff exemptions on certain aspects of the micro-generation implementation. Subsidies are also being talked about and to be considered in the British Parliament once a full report of the system implementation in the field is submitted. A report by the Committee on Economic Affairs said that providing subsidies to installation of micro-generation to make sure that low-income households benefit from it, will positively impact on reducing oil consumption and thus reduce fuel poverty. (House of Lords, 2008, p. 296) Methodology The methodology to be used for this study is review of the literature and primary research. Primary research will be conducted on respondents who are working in organizations whose operations involve micro-generation. Sustainable energy generation is attainable but there are many barriers; one of these is the cost of installing micro-generation. Capital cost is one of the problems and determining it will be one of the aims of the study. Data will be collected through questionnaires which will be submitted to participants who will be selected at random from a list of employees or middle-level managers of the various organizations that are involved in micro-generation Questionnaire The questions that will be contained in the questionnaires will run like these: What is your role and responsibility in the organization you are in? If your organizat ion is a private organization, how do you partner with the government in providing micro-generation? If you are from the government, how do you encourage private companies in collaborating with the government? What technology does your organization specialize in? What technology do you apply for micro-generation? How long has your organization been involved in micro-generation? What part of UK, or other countries, has your organization implemented this kind of technology? What are the costs, if you know, in domestic micro-generation? Can you enumerate the costs for the different micro-generation technologies? Where are the sources of funding in micro-generation? What are your critical success factors? After the selection of a random sample, the questionnaires will be emailed to the participants. The email will contain instructions on how to answer the questions and to return back the questionnaires with the corresponding answers. Those who will not return back their questionnaires will be sent again another round of emails.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on What are the barriers and success factors for domestic micro-generation in the UK to gain ground? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethical considerations will also be incorporated in the conduct of the survey questions. The prospective participants will be informed that their identity will be kept confidential and that they will not be compelled to answer questions that they feel are oppressive or do not conform to the required ethical standards in conducting surveys. Research Question How can the UK speed up implementation of micro-renewable technology considering the various barriers and problems coming up from its initial stage of implementation? Hypothesis There are a number of barriers to generation of micro energy and micro-renewable technology: high capital costs, people’s lack of understanding of the technology, and lac k of knowledge of where to find source of funding. Rationale of the study Climate change is one of the threats facing our Earth. The deterioration of the environment has become alarming that we should not ignore it. Inhabitants of the Earth never get tired of producing things that result in environmental degradation. Aside from misuse, another term we can apply on the environment is overuse. Much has been utilized from our important ecosystems: the forests, fisheries, wetland, fresh water resources. We move fast to destroy our ecosystem and ecological balance. And we also have to move fast and change course of actions to save the environment and the planet as a whole. Major air pollutants come from transportation, stationary sources such as factories and power plants, and industries. Air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulates, hydrocarbons, and photochemical oxidants. All these harm the environment. If we change them with reusable and susta inable energy, pollutants will be controlled and once again we restore the beauty and freshness of mother Earth.Advertising Looking for proposal on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ever since man has ventured into agriculture, he has used deforestation and destruction of the environment for personal needs, impacting climatic and ecological conditions. These irresponsible activities diminish the natural recycling of carbon dioxide gases, and in the process it accelerates and increases the inversion layer that traps the reflected energy of the sun, the so-called ozone layer. The augmented inversion layer has an elevated atmospheric temperature, giving rise to global warming which has caused melting of the polar ice, substantial changes to climatic conditions, and depletion of the ozone layer. Something should be done to replace Earth’s lost glory. The unchecked effects of global warming will not only change the makeup of the global land mass but will affect man’s lifestyle on the planet. It will hasten the rise of seawater levels and cover some habitable coastlines. In view of the rapid expansion of the world’s economies, demand for fossil f uel and construction materials will become severe. Added to this is the demand for water. And the excessive demand for fossil fuel energy, resources will also result in the demise of the ecology of our planet; the effects might be long lasting and cannot be reversed. Scientists say that this is of immediate concern. The deterioration of our planet’s ecosystem and atmosphere cannot be ignored; if we have to act, the right time is now. Our planet’s ozone layer has been depleted by severe coal gas emissions. Worse is the reality that greenhouse gases have altered meteorological conditions. The world’s program of action has not improved these past decades because we still depend on fossil fuel; specifically eighty percent of energy comes from fossil fuels. There will come a time that supply of oil will fall short. In other words, there must be a way to produce a substitute for fossil fuels and coal, something that is not harmful to the ozone layers and the environme nt as a whole. Solar energy and other forms of environmentally friendly energy using the wind, the tidal waves, hydro, and other similar forms, must be tapped. With the increase of consumption in energy and water in the years ahead, surely we have a big problem in our supplies of basic necessities of which only nature can provide. Agriculture will be adversely affected by lower water supplies, and there will be extreme heat and drought. Shifting to renewable energy has been the hope of conservationists and putting micro-generation in the forefront of reducing carbon emissions at the same time freeing ourselves from dependency to fossil fuel is killing two birds in one shot. Everyone should help in providing focus; the government, along with the public and private sectors, must ensure a smooth working model for micro-generation system. The use of micro generation is one intervention to climate change that has been identified as being applicable not just at the industrial level but al so at the individual level (Sauter Watson, 2007). But the target uptake has to be the main aim. Many researches relating to micro generation among domestic users and industries and its role in reducing climate change have been conducted.Such researches have identified its implementation as an expensive undertaking and that therefore requires high capital costs (Keirstead, 2006; Watson, 2004; Wolven, 2001) Very few studies have been done to assess what impact the high capital costs of this implementation would have on domestic users’ uptake and their expected role in reducing climate change (Caird Roy, 2010). The focus for this study will be on domestic users and not industries. By implementing the use of micro generation, communities and individual consumers are likely to contribute in achieving renewable targets as well as reduce carbon emissions. Barriers include too much payback time and high costs. The customers’ lack of understanding, little capital, and â€Å" risk-aversion† with respect to technology are also some of the problems. But Watson et al. (2008) said that this can be remedied through issuance of energy service contracts to the customers to inform them of the intricacies of micro-generation installation. In fact, if plans materialized, by 2050, life in the UK would be much easier than it is today – fresh air and free of pollutants, no worries about fuel, and the environment and our place would be a safer place to live in. But that is easier said than done. Processes and steps to a full implementation of the government’s micro-generation program will encounter problems and barriers. What we should do is to get our move together, define the roles of the public and private sectors in informing and motivating household owners into acquiring their support to be a part of micro-generation system. One of the primary activities or steps that should be undertaken is to provide information and understanding on the avai lability of this technology to household owners. This paper will define the role of micro-generation in saving the environment, how to implement this great endeavour in the domestic areas of the UK, and identify the barriers and problems and find and recommend solutions so that micro-generation will be fully implemented in all households in the UK. It will collect information from vast resources, from online and physical libraries, on the various studies conducted on micro-generation in the UK. General Objective The objective is to determine the impact of domestically implementing micro-energy and micro renewable technology to environment, climate change and people; to define capital costs; and ultimately to enumerate users’ benefits. Specific Aims The aims are: To define the roles of each sector (government, private, and individual households) in the implementation of micro energy and micro renewable technology; To assess the existing relationship between the cost of micro generation and domestic users’ uptake and climate change. To identify sources of funds in the micro-generation implementation. To analyze the various data and information available on the topic of micro-generation and micro renewable technology. To provide a working model of a micro-generation technology. Review of the Literature The literature will focus on studies on micro-generation conducted in the past, background of micro energy and micro generation technology, and the barriers of a successful implementation. Over these past few decades, the world has experienced tremendous changes in our way of life due to technology. To run these technologies, we need electricity. Most of the energy supply is powered by coal-fired generators which produce and release carbon dioxide to the air. (Beith, Burdon Knowles, 2004, p. 1) The principle behind renewable energy is based on the fact that there is a need to reduce carbon emissions in the air in order to reduce climate change. Wha t are the barriers in micro generation in the UK? And what are the strategies to counter these barriers? A statement by the Association for Conservation of Energy said that costs and the spatial planning system are two main barriers to increased uptake for micro-generation. The UK government recognizes this dilemma, adding â€Å"regulatory, information and technical† as some of the barriers to micro-generation. Consumers do not want these up-front costs because it meant micro-generation is only for those with money. Other barriers include confusions over which one to use, wind turbines or solar systems, and the choice over which grants could provide maximum benefits for consumers. (House of Commons, 2007, p. 40) The Sustainable Technologies Programme (STP) of the government aimed to identify and foster sustainable technologies along with the social and economic results from implementing these technologies. The STP studies resulted in some negative implications because of the high cost of micro-generation, but this is only when technology involves a micro-combined heat and power, solar photovoltaic, and wind energy. (Watson et al., 2006 cited in Genus, n.d.) Excessive payback including technical problems, rules and regulations to be carried out in the course of implementation, lack of reliable consultants to advice on technical and other important matters, and many problems in the installation. Micro generation involves technologies used in generation of both heat and power that have a thermal output rating below 45kWt or an electrical output of 50kWt. It includes the generation of heat and power from either the wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), and hydro sources. It also includes heat generation from biomass, solar thermal and heat pumps as well as micro CHP which produces heat and power from renewable or fossil fuels (Clinch et. al., 2001). Increased use of renewable energy, including micro-renewable, can make an important contribution in the efforts to r educe carbon emissions in support of climate change and renewable energy objectives (Wolven, 2001). The government is strongly taking the role of ensuring environmental safety and sustainability through reduction of climate change (Caird Roy, 2010). The Scottish Government has for example set a target to generate 50 per cent of Scotland’s electricity from renewable by the year 2020, with an interim target of 31 per cent by the year 2011. Micro-renewable are expected to play an important role in meeting (or exceeding) these targets and the historic environment which will be a significant contributor. It is evident from various studies that reliance on most renewable energy like solar energy contributes greatly in reducing climate change (Watson, 2004). Hence since most micro energy production technologies are in renewable energy, micro-renewable energy sources are likely to take a vital role in realizing governments’ objectives. (Keirstead, 2006) Watson et al. (2006 ci ted in Genus, n.d., p. 4) conducted studies on three micro-generation technologies: the solar photovoltaic cells, micro CHP (combined heat and power) and micro-wind energy. These three were considered commercially available. The micro CHP was based on computer generated models while the micro-wind was based on computer data of 1.5kw turbine. The shortest payback period was recorded on micro-CHP which was between the years 2-9 and 7-19. The photovoltaic registered the longest payback period, between 35-48 years. The results were applied with calculations and considered were the location and the operating factors including maintenance costs. There were some difficulties recorded in the community-level efforts. This was because of the learning processes that should have been conducted. But the technology itself was not a hindrance; rather it was on some factors like funding, installation difficulties, including other social factors. (Walker et al., 2007) The difficulties to uptake micr o-generation also became a part of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) report. The barriers were on â€Å"distributed† generation and these were: cost, necessary information not properly attained, lack of network structure, and other regulatory and procedural matters. (DTI, 2005) Other barriers included planning, problems related to â€Å"metering†, problems with renewable heat; the cost of the technology, and low level of understanding by consumers or users. Economic Incentives for Micro-generation Household owners who are interested to install micro-generation in their homes can go and consult the Low Carbon Buildings Programme (LCBP) for their source of funding. This agency started in 2006 and was allocated  £28.5 million to help and grant loans to households, community members, including public and commercial establishments.  £6 million went to household micro-generation. During the second phase,  £50m was provided for public sector and charitable orga nizations that were planning to install micro-generation. The programme was a successful project of the government because it was aimed to support more large installations and also bring the costs down. In 2007, money was increased by providing  £6m for household â€Å"stream†. (House of Commons, 2007, p. 41) LCBP grants became popular among many citizens so that the system was modified to â€Å"first come, first served basis† due to the increasing number of applicants. The government then allocated a monthly funding of  £500,000, and was made available every month. The LCBP was suspended by DTI but was reinstated in May of 2007. Budget for households was  £6.4 million. Upon the re-launch of LCBP, more funds were allocated. In May to July 2007, 629 households were given a budget of  £624,316. But the government has not provided the House with the actual monthly expenditure for the Low Carbon Buildings Programme project. (House of Commons, 2007, p. 41) Conclusio n In the UK today, there are some retailers now selling micro-generation technologies; examples are wind turbines and solar panels for the production of electricity and hot water. The point is that micro-generation is gaining ground, but uptake is still slow. There has to be joined efforts among the various stakeholders to be led by the government in collaboration with the private sector. The Micro-generation Strategy implemented by the UK government aimed to provide the conditions wherein micro-generation becomes an alternative source of electricity for local households and even businesses. This agency announced that it was changing the government’s planning system when it came to micro-generation. The changes would make much easier the way homeowners would apply and install their equipment in their homes. Homeowners will now find it easy to install energy related technologies including solar panels, photovoltaic cells, and wind turbines. (House of Commons, 2007, p. 40) But there are always sceptics to any project or activity. An agency known as Micropower Council (House of Commons, 2007, p. 40) commented that the Microgeneration Strategy has no budget for its various programmes, has no staff but only one employee. It further said that the agency launched by the government lacked focus and commitment in order to implement its projects for micro-generation. This goes to show that there are many barriers in the uptake promotion of micro-generation project of the government. The people there still do not know where to get their acts together to make micro-generation a successful endeavour for the people of the UK. The high capital costs of micro energy and micro-renewable technology, lack of understanding of the technology, and lack of knowledge where to find source of funds, are the main barriers to micro energy generation up take and reduction in climate change by domestic users. References Beith, R., Burdon, I. and Knowles, M., 2004. Introduction †“ the changing energy scene and how micro energy can play a part. In: M. Knowles, ed. 2004. Micro energy systems: review of technology, issues of scale and integration. UK: Professional Engineering Publishing. Ch. 1. Caird, S. and Roy, R., 2010. Adoption and use of household micro generation heat technologies. Low Carbon Economy, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.61–70. Clinch, J. P., Healy, J. and King, C., 2001. Modelling improvements in domestic energy efficiency. Environmental Modeling Software, vol. 16, no. 1, pp.87–106. DTI, 2005. Potential for microgeneration: study and analysis. Final Report, London. Genus, A., n.d. Changing the rules? Regimes, niches and the transition to microgeneration. Available at: www.dime-eu.org/files/active/0Genus.pdf House of Commons, 2007. Climate change: the â€Å"citizen’s agenda†, eighth report of session 2006-07, Vol. 1: Report, together with formal minutes. London, UK: The Stationery Office Limited. House of Lords, 2008. The ec onomics of renewable energy: evidence. London, UK: The Stationery Office Limited. Keirstead, J., 2006. Evaluating the applicability of integrated domestic energy consumption frameworks in the UK. Energy Policy, vol. 34, no. 17, pp.3065-77. Sauter, R. and Watson, J., 2007. Strategies for the deployment of micro generation: implications for social acceptance. Energy Policy, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 2770–79. Walker, G. et al., 2007. Harnessing community energies: explaining and evaluating community-based localism in renewable energy policy in the UK. Global Environmental Politics, 7, 2, pp. 64-82. Watson, J., 2004. Co-provision in sustainable energy systems: the case of micro generation. Energy Policy, vol. 13, no. 3, pp.1981–90. Watson, J. et al., 2008. Domestic micro-generation: economic, regulatory and policy issues for the UK. Energy Policy, Volume 36, Issue 8, Pages 3095. Wolven, L. E., 2001. Life-styles and energy consumption. Energy, 16(6):959. This proposal on What are the barriers and success factors for domestic micro-generation in the UK to gain ground? was written and submitted by user Jaeden C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder A research framework

The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder A research framework Article Summary The paper presents a sociological theory on the cause of a steady mental disorder. Although the evidences in support of the theory are based on previous formulations, Scheff develops a precise sociological theory that attempts to explain the cause and path of a stable mental disorder.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder: A research framework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Using the concepts of the social institution of insanity, residual deviance, the societal responsibility of the individual with mental illness, and the divergence of the societal response such as denial and labeling, Scheff constructs a theory of mental disorder in which the psychiatric signs are thought of as violations of social norms, and stable â€Å"mental illness† to be a social role (Scheff, 1999). Essential to this theory are 9 proposals that require exper imental processes. By restricting the forms of behavior that are to be covered, by basing the paper on previous findings, and by applying an entirely sociological approach (such as the theory of residual deviance), the author proposes a methodology in which the dynamics of mental disorder take place within the system consisting of the person exhibiting deviant behavior and those responding to it. According to the theory designed here, the basis for the initiation, maintenance and end of the deviant conduct referred to as mental disorder are parts of the social system, and cannot be separated, hence, from endopsychic forms of behavior. Fat is a Sociological Issue: Obesity rates in late modern, ‘bodyconscious’  societies This paper surveys the factors involved in the current spiraling of obesity rates in the contemporary society, focusing both upon the causes of the high prevalence rates and its effects. Crossley contends that rates of obesity have risen rapidly in the last two decades, causing some people to talk of an imminent crisis and compelling governments and health institution to react (Crossley, 2004). Many studies in the sociology of the body are centered on the social belief that certain ‘bodies’ are more acceptable than others, for example, slimness, fitness, and good health are socially acceptable practices. Proof of this assertion exists in the steadily rising number of health clubs in the UK and the corresponding number of subscriptions in the last decade.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another trend that exists next to exercise is that of dieting. Diet books are among bestseller listings, besides, food consumption in response to recommended diets are very significant. A large number of persons ascribe to weight watching clubs and associations, known as ‘body-conscious society’ (Crossley, 20 04). Body fat affects the BMI and a value of 20 -25 BMI value is deemed normal, a value less than 20 is deemed underweight while a value of 25-30 is considered overweight, with a value greater than 30 considered obese. Obesity varies with age, and narrowly with age and social class, with women at a higher risk of becoming obese. Due to the social concern, the author contends that the steadily rising rate of obesity is a social fact. This is evidenced in two ways, first, the statistics relating to obesity are normally given in societal perspectives, for example, obesity varies between individuals, and across societies, that is, it is a social variable. Secondly, the causative agent for the variation of obesity rates is social. Individual differences in levels of obesity, biological or psychosomatic, cannot be used to explicate on the variations in obesity rates. There are two broad causes of obesity: lifestyle and modernity. We do less physical exercise, live a sedentary lifestyle an d use several labor saving appliances at home and at work, consumption of high-calorie foods has increased both in frequency and quantity. It worthy to note that social changes leading to a rise in obesity are related to class and gender variations, this is proven by the fact that obesity is lower among the lower class. The latter sections of the paper attempts to explain the relation between body and society and how fluctuations of the rate of obesity affect the society (illness and early death). This paper targets a general population, especially one that is at a higher risk of becoming obese. This is derived from the fact that it informs of the causative agents of obesity and prevention. It may also be useful to sociologists trying to understand the link between body and the society. Fat Ethics’ – The Obesity Discourse and Body Politics The paper examines how facts about obesity are presented and availed to the public, and the ethical concerns arising from the publi c’s comprehension of obesity. Public understanding of obesity is frequently based on various sources of information that focus of cause and prevention of the disease, however, other health problems such as cancer do not receive similar coverage on the public domain, particularly relating to the ethical and moral elements.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder: A research framework specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information availed to the public on the ‘obesity epidemic ’ through various media focuses on the grave effects of being obese, the scientific facts about obesity are restated to give authority and sureness to the allegations of the growing rates of the ‘epidemic’ (Rich Evans, 2005). In their attempts to give a grim picture of obesity, these reporters often err, for example, the link between weight, size, and healt h is not as significant as we are led to believe. It is obvious that obesity is a grave public concern with epidemic proportions, caused by failure to partake in physical exercises, consumption of fast foods, and alterations in our diets. While these are non-debatable scientifically proven facts, they are loaded with philosophies and cultural ideas about how we view ‘fatness’. A key characteristic arising from the obesity presentation is the weight accorded to ‘thinness’ and ‘weight loss’ as unanimously good. This belief arises from the perceived association between weight and health, the association far more complex as compared to the presentations in various media. Another discourse on obesity is on the morality of the body. Numerous reports take a communitarian approach that views the body as in need of protection. A communitarian approach has traditionally related harm to society not on individualistic terms, but by ‘rates of incidenc e’ of some trend, for example, obesity is associated with persons of a particular social class. Such a presentation leads to the notion that our body is in need of protection from thee government, businesses and the broad social forces. There are some discourses, however, that take a more humanistic view to weight, shape and value the range of body sizes, for example, a person may be fat and healthy. This discourse has gained acceptance widely after studies showed that obesity is not linked to excess mortality. However, these alternative views take a lower position. Because of the media discourse in the public arena, people overestimate their vulnerability to certain health condition and this may create a moral panic that stimulates disordered connections with food and body. This paper mainly targets persons who are obese or have obese children, relatives, or friends. Persons who give significant weight to the weight-health connection as it informs the reader that the connect ion is not as simple as thought. The paper enables a deeper understanding of the social nature of obesity and public discourses related to it. Connection between Body and Mind The main article presents a sociological approach to mental disorder (mind) while the two supplementary readings present a sociological approach to obesity (body). The two sets of papers increases an understanding of the connection between body and mind.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the sociological theory used on the first paper focuses on mental disorder, the theories adopted in the other two papers explain the phenomenon of obesity, drawing on various sources to explain the social aspect of obesity, that is, how it affects and is perceived by the society. The theory of residual deviance attempts to explain the cause and path of a stable mental disorder, integrating purely sociological elements to present a methodology that explains the perceived link between mental disorder and the society’s response to it. The other two readings also adopt a similar approach to explain the link between society and (social groups) and obesity. The first paper informs us that norms that arise from social systems, or are considered significant by social systems, such as labeling of mental disorder as deviant behavior, are hard to eliminate. Reading the two papers, we observe a similar trend that pits social beliefs, such as weight-health connection, against scient ific evidence that shows the two are not necessarily related. References Crossley, N. (2004). Fat is a Sociological Issue: Obesity rates in late modern, ‘bodyconscious’ societies. Social Theory Health, 3(2):222–253. Rich, E. Evans, J. (2005). Fat Ethics: The obesity discourse and body politics. Social  Theory Health, 3(4): 341-358. Scheff, T.J. (1999) The role of the mentally ill and the dynamics of mental disorder: A research framework, in Traub, S.H. Little, C.B. (Eds), Theories of Deviance. State University of New York at Cortland, NYC, pp. 397-415.